Precision Pharmaceutics: Customizing Drug Delivery Systems for Individual Variability
Keywords:
Medicine (PM), AI-drivensdrug, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, Precision Pharmaceutics (PP), nanotechnology, 3D printing, smart polymersAbstract
Precision medicine has revolutionized healthcare by tailoring therapeutic strategies based on individual patient characteristics such as genetics, environment, and lifestyle.Precision pharmaceutics focuses on individualized dosage forms, smart drug delivery systems, adaptive manufacturing technologies, and data-driven formulation design.The growing recognition of interindividual variability in disease manifestation and drug response has transformed modern healthcare, leading to the emergence of precision medicine.Interindividual variability in drug delivery outcomes remains a major challenge in clinical therapeutics. Differences among patients in genetics, physiology, metabolism, disease state, and environmental influences can significantly alter drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and overall therapeutic response. Understanding these sources of variability is essential for the optimization of drug delivery systems, individualized therapy, and the advancement of personalized medicine.Conventional drug delivery systems, designed based on population averages, are often unable to accommodate such diversity.
Downloads
References
1. Zhang J, Vo AQ, Feng X, Bandari S, Repka MA. Pharmaceutical additive manufacturing: a novel tool for complex and personalized drug delivery systems. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2018 Nov;19(8):3388-402.
2. Geraili A, Xing M, Mequanint K. Design and fabrication of drug‐delivery systems toward adjustable release profiles for personalized treatment. View. 2021 Oct;2(5):20200126.
3. Mitchell MJ, Billingsley MM, Haley RM, Wechsler ME, Peppas NA, Langer R. Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nature reviews drug discovery. 2021 Feb;20(2):101-24.
4. Sandler N, Preis M. Printed drug-delivery systems for improved patient treatment. Trends in pharmacological sciences. 2016 Dec 1;37(12):1070-80.
5. Coelho JF, Ferreira PC, Alves P, Cordeiro R, Fonseca AC, Góis JR, Gil MH. Drug delivery systems: Advanced technologies potentially applicable in personalized treatments. EPMA journal. 2010 Mar;1(1):164-209.
6. Wening K, Breitkreutz J. Oral drug delivery in personalized medicine: unmet needs and novel approaches. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2011 Feb 14;404(1-2):1-9.
7. Panchpuri M, Painuli R, Kumar C. Artificial intelligence in smart drug delivery systems: a step toward personalized medicine. RSC Pharmaceutics. 2025.
8. Alzoubi L, Aljabali AA, Tambuwala MM. Empowering precision medicine: the impact of 3D printing on personalized therapeutic. AapsPharmscitech. 2023 Nov 14;24(8):228.
9. Eo J, Cepeda B, Kim J, Kim N. A new paradigm of pharmaceutical drug delivery systems (DDS): Challenges for space, time, and shapes. Innovations in pharmacy. 2018 Oct 26;9(3):1.
10. Khan FA, Narasimhan K, Swathi CS, Mustak S, Mustafa G, Ahmad MZ, Akhter S. 3D printing technology in customized drug delivery system: current state of the art, prospective and the challenges. Current pharmaceutical design. 2018 Nov 1;24(42):5049-61.
11. Marques L, Costa B, Pereira M, Silva A, Santos J, Saldanha L, Silva I, Magalhães P, Schmidt S, Vale N. Advancing precision medicine: a review of innovative in silico approaches for drug development, clinical pharmacology and personalized healthcare. Pharmaceutics. 2024 Feb 27;16(3):332.
12. El-Tanani M, Satyam SM, Rabbani SA, El-Tanani Y, Aljabali AA, Al Faouri I, Rehman A. Revolutionizing drug delivery: The impact of advanced materials science and technology on precision medicine. Pharmaceutics. 2025 Mar 15;17(3):375.
13. El-Tanani M, Satyam SM, Rabbani SA, El-Tanani Y, Aljabali AA, Al Faouri I, Rehman A. Revolutionizing drug delivery: The impact of advanced materials science and technology on precision medicine. Pharmaceutics. 2025 Mar 15;17(3):375.
14. Ho D, Quake SR, McCabe ER, Chng WJ, Chow EK, Ding X, Gelb BD, Ginsburg GS, Hassenstab J, Ho CM, Mobley WC. Enabling technologies for personalized and precision medicine. Trends in biotechnology. 2020 May 1;38(5):497-518.
15. Pandey M, Choudhury H, Fern JL, Kee AT, Kou J, Jing JL, Her HC, Yong HS, Ming HC, Bhattamisra SK, Gorain B. 3D printing for oral drug delivery: a new tool to customize drug delivery. Drug delivery and translational research. 2020 Aug;10(4):986-1001.
16. Lesko LJ, Schmidt S. Individualization of drug therapy: history, present state, and opportunities for the future. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2012 Oct;92(4):458-66.
17. Sun W, Lee J, Zhang S, Benyshek C, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A. Engineering precision medicine. Advanced Science. 2019 Jan;6(1):1801039.
18. Serrano DR, Kara A, Yuste I, Luciano FC, Ongoren B, Anaya BJ, Molina G, Diez L, Ramirez BI, Ramirez IO, Sánchez-Guirales SA. 3D printing technologies in personalized medicine, nanomedicines, and biopharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutics. 2023 Jan 17;15(2):313.
19. Govender R. Integrated Product and Process Design for Mass Customization: A Road Towards Patient Access to Individualized Pharmaceutical Therapy. Chalmers TekniskaHogskola (Sweden); 2021.
20. Vora LK, Gholap AD, Jetha K, Thakur RR, Solanki HK, Chavda VP. Artificial intelligence in pharmaceutical technology and drug delivery design. Pharmaceutics. 2023 Jul 10;15(7):1916.
21. de Souza Cardoso Delfino C, de Paula Pereira MC, dos Santos Oliveira M, de Carvalho Favareto I, Valladão VS, de Oliveira Mota M, Costa MV, Sousa-Batista AJ, Balbino TA. Scaling nanopharmaceutical production for personalized medicine: challenges and strategies. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2025 Apr;27(4):1-9.
22. Beck RC, Chaves PS, Goyanes A, Vukosavljevic B, Buanz A, Windbergs M, Basit AW, Gaisford S. 3D printed tablets loaded with polymeric nanocapsules: An innovative approach to produce customized drug delivery systems. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2017 Aug 7;528(1-2):268-79.
23. Dey NS, Majumdar S, Rao ME. Multiparticulate drug delivery systems for controlled release. Tropical journal of pharmaceutical research. 2008 Sep 11;7(3):1067-75.
24. Guzzi EA, Tibbitt MW. Additive manufacturing of precision biomaterials. Advanced materials. 2020 Apr;32(13):1901994.
25. Palo M, Holländer J, Suominen J, Yliruusi J, Sandler N. 3D printed drug delivery devices: perspectives and technical challenges. Expert review of medical devices. 2017 Sep 2;14(9):685-96.
26. Liang K, Carmone S, Brambilla D, Leroux JC. 3D printing of a wearable personalized oral delivery device: A first-in-human study. Science advances. 2018 May 9;4(5):eaat2544.
27. Racaniello GF, Silvestri T, Pistone M, D'Amico V, Arduino I, Denora N, Lopedota AA. Innovative pharmaceutical techniques for Paediatric dosage forms: A systematic review on 3D printing, prilling/vibration and microfluidic platform. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2024 Jul 1;113(7):1726-48.
28. Racaniello GF, Silvestri T, Pistone M, D'Amico V, Arduino I, Denora N, Lopedota AA. Innovative pharmaceutical techniques for Paediatric dosage forms: A systematic review on 3D printing, prilling/vibration and microfluidic platform. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2024 Jul 1;113(7):1726-48.
29. Plano D, Kibler S, Rudolph N, Zett O, Dressman J. Silicon-based piezo micropumps enable fully flexible drug delivery patterns. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2024 Jun 1;113(6):1555-65.
30. Ji Y, Skierka JM, Blommel JH, Moore BE, VanCuyk DL, Bruflat JK, Peterson LM, Veldhuizen TL, Fadra N, Peterson SE, Lagerstedt SA. Preemptive pharmacogenomic testing for precision medicine: a comprehensive analysis of five actionable pharmacogenomic genes using next-generation DNA sequencing and a customized CYP2D6 genotyping cascade. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics. 2016 May 1;18(3):438-45.
31. Mohammed AA, Algahtani MS, Ahmad MZ, Ahmad J, Kotta S. 3D Printing in medicine: Technology overview and drug delivery applications. Annals of 3D Printed Medicine. 2021 Dec 1;4:100037.
32. Sankula MK, Bodavula SS, Rao MN, Vadapalli RR. Drug Delivery Systems. JEC PUBLICATION; 2025.
33. Kassa FM, Youssef SH, Song Y, Garg S. Use of Computational Intelligence in Customizing Drug Release from 3D-Printed Products: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics. 2025 Apr 23;17(5):551.
34. Kadam R, Rakte A, Galbale M, Warkad S. A Review on Advanced Drug Delivery Systems Using 3D-Printed Biodegradable Polymers. Journal of Pharma Insights and Research. 2025 Jun 5;3(3):127-40.
35. Kiranmai M, Katakam P, Thakur S, Suhasini B, Reecha P. Exploring the Potential of 3D Printing in Personalized Medicine. InRecent Developments in Microbiology, Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2024 (pp. 696-701). CRC Press.
36. El Fazazi M. Revolutionizing pharmaceutical manufacturing: the emergence of 3D printing in tablet formulation. Pirojiya H, Dudhat K. Niosomes: a revolution in sustainable and targeted drug delivery-green synthesis, precision medicine, and beyond. Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine. 2025 Jun;11(2):379-415.
37. Pirojiya H, Dudhat K. Niosomes: a revolution in sustainable and targeted drug delivery-green synthesis, precision medicine, and beyond. Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine. 2025 Jun;11(2):379-415.
38. Lopez FL, Ernest TB, Tuleu C, Gul MO. Formulation approaches to pediatric oral drug delivery: benefits and limitations of current platforms. Expert opinion on drug delivery. 2015 Nov 2;12(11):1727-40.
39. Singh B, Kumar R, Ahuja N. Optimizing drug delivery systems using systematic" design of experiments." Part I: fundamental aspects. Critical Reviews™ in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems. 2005;22(1).
40. Cunha-Filho M, Araújo MR, Gelfuso GM, Gratieri T. FDM 3D printing of modified drug-delivery systems using hot melt extrusion: A new approach for individualized therapy. Therapeutic delivery. 2017 Nov 1;8(11):957-66.
(CC BY-NC)
. 